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Philosophy of Astrophysics
This PDF by Nora Mills Boyd, Siska De Baerdemaeker, Kevin Heng, and Vera Matarese is an explication of how the theory and observation balance within astrophysics. Items under discussion include laboratory astrophysics, the problem with the Hubble constant, and also how theory plays a game of give-and-take with observation in stellar population synthesis. Discussions on epistemological lessons extracted from gravitational-wave astrophysics are also present, covering simulation practices, idealisations in computer modeling, and verification of data. Discussing the philosophical implications of observational black hole astrophysics and entity realism in extragalactic studies, it ends with reflections by a theoretical astrophysicist, providing an all-encompassing view into the foundations and methodologies that guide todays astrophysical research.
Author(s): Nora Mills Boyd, Siska De Baerdemaeker, Kevin Heng, Vera Matarese
330 Pages 
This educational note coming out of MIT is a resource that gives an in-depth overview on astrochemistry, focusing primarily on the topic of spectral lines and their significance in understanding cosmic entities. The topics included are as follows: Radio Telescope Mechanics Emission/Absorption of Spectral Lines Detection of Stars Detection of Planets Detection of Galaxies. This paper will try to help students acquire more significant knowledge in space science: the processes of chemistry and the principles upon which astronomy observations are based.
Author(s): MIT
NA Pages
Atmospheric Chemistry Lecture Notes by Prof. Jesse Kroll
This is a lecture note by Prof. Jesse Kroll, focusing on chemical transformations in trace species of Earth's atmosphere. The note highlighted how human activity impacts both air quality and climate-from covering major concepts such as photochemistry and ozone-depleting compounds to aerosol chemistry. The note provides a comprehensive summary of what drives atmospheric chemistry, from sources and sinks of greenhouse gases to names and processes. The paper is designed for better understanding of the atmospheric processes concerning anthropogenic influences and their implication in environmental science.
Author(s): Prof. Jesse Kroll
NA Pages